Power transmission



Feb. 13, 1945.

C. D. PETERSON ET AL POWER TRANSMIS SION Filed July 8, 1938 2 Sheets-Sheet l Feb. 13, 1945. c. D. PETERSON ETAL POWER TRANSMISSION 2 M 8 la F j Patented Feb. 13, 1945 Carl D. Peterson and Albert l1. Delmel, Toledo,`

Ohio, assignors to Spicer Manufacturing Corporation, Toledo, Ohio, a corporation of Vir- Application July s, lass, serial Nacido-i4 8 claims.

The present invention relates to powertransmission, especially for the propulsion of vehicles, and has particular reference to power transmissions embodying alternative drives in which a low variable speed drive' is provided by torque multiplying hydraulic variable speed mechanism, hereinafter referred to as a-torque converter,

` and a higher speed drive proportional, or sub-- stantially proportional, to the speed of operation of the source of power is provided for higher speed operation of the vehicle or other driven apparatus.

Still more particularly, the invention relates to power transmission units for providing low speed hydraulic drive and high speed direct drive of the kind disclosed in Patent No. 1,900,119,

granted to Alf Lysholm, et al., March 7, 1933.

In one of its aspects, the invention hasfor a principal object the provision of a power transmitting unit in which hydraulic and direct drive features are incorporated and which is applicable in installations, such as transverse rear engine installations in automotive vehicles, wherein the space available for the unit is severely limited as to axial length when the amount of 'power required to be developed and transmitted through the transversely positioned unit is taken into consideration. Another of the objects of this aspect of the invention is the provision of a novel arrangement of hydraulic and high speed drive `mechanism in combination with reverse mechanism, enabling the reversingmechanism to be associated directly with the hydraulic mechanism` so as to operate at the samespeed as the latter mechanism and to consequently be of minimum. size and weight, without necessitating lengthening the apparatus to the extent usually required by the addition of a separately applied unit reverse gear.

Still another object of this aspect o! the invention is the provision of improved construction providing for hydraulic and high speed drives in alternation in a unit adapted to provide socalled angle drive for rear engine installations p and further to provide a novel form of construction'in, which the high speed clutch is arranged in relation to theremaining parts of the apparatus so as to be readily accessible for ad- `,1ustment, repair. and replacement withoutthe necessity for disturbing other parts of the apparatus. f

In another of its aspects, the invention has for a principal object the provision of a power Vtransmitting unit of the character described in which positively engaging clutch means is employed for (o1. 'J4-189.5) l

effecting the highspeed drive, and in still' another of its aspects the invention has for a principal object the provision oi.' a novel clutch means of l the positively engaging type capable of engagement to transmit power from a drlvingto a driven member while both the drivingv and the driven members are under load.

Other and more detailed objects of the invention, together with its more specific nature and the advantages to be derived from its use, will best be understood from a consideration of the following portion df this specification, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, in which: Y

Fig. 1 is a longitudinal central section of a power transmission embodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is a view taken on the line 2 2 of Fig. 1;

- Fig. 3 is a. view taken on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a view taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a view taken on the line 5-5 of Fig. 3; Fig. 6 is a `partial section on enlargedscale of part of the `apparatus shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 6a is a side elevation of a portion -of one -of the parts shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 'l is a section taken on the line I-1 oi Fig; 6;

Fig. 8 is a. iragmentaryvsection taken on the line 8--8 of Fig. 7;

Figs. 9 and 10 are views similar to Fig. 8 showing the' parts in different positions;

Fig. 11 is a partial section taken on the line lI-ll of Fig. 6;

Fig. 12 is a view similar to Fig. l6 showing a different form of construction of the high speed for transmitting power from Engine B to the driving axle C of an automotive vehicle the frame of which is indicated at D. In the installation illustrated, the arrangement is that commonly employed for rear engine drive vehicles, with the driving connection between the transmission unit A and axle C through an angled propeller shaft E. It will be` understood, however,'ithat the n utility of the presentv invention is not limited to apparatus embodied in this' speciiic arrangement,

which is illustrated only by way of example.

The transmission unit shown in Fig. 1 comprises a housing indicated generally at I8 and having a flanged. housing part l2 adapted to be connected directly to the crank case or bell housing of an internal combustion or other type'of engine having a crank shaft i4 and fly wheel I6.

The part I8 of housing I8 serves to provide the working chamber of a hydraulic torque con-l verter F, preferably of the type disclosed in United States Letters Patent No. 1,900,119, previously referred to. In this type pwer is transmitted through the medium of working liquid circulated in a closed path of ilow in a working chamber 28. The liquid is circulated by means oi a pump member having a ring of impeller blades 22 located in chamber 28 and a hollow shaft vpart 24 rotatably carried by bearings 26 and 28 mounted in the casing structure.

Power is delivered by the circulating liquid to the driven or turbine member which has aplurality of rings or stages of turbine blades located shaft part 48 rotatably mounted in a bearing 42 v in the housing structure and a bearing 44 located in a part hereinafter to be described.

The specic structure of the hydraulic torque converter mechanism may vary widely within the scope of the invention both as to number of stages and detailsl of construction.

The central passage provided by the hollow shaft parts 24 and 48 of the pump and turbine members respectively provides for the reception` of a high speed shaft 46 which in the present embodiment is in the form of a direct drive shaft splined at 48 to the hub of the engine fly wheel. This shaft is-adapted to be connected through the medium of a high speed clutch G, hereinafter more fully described, to the final drive shaft of the transmission unit which is adapted to be connected to the propeller shaft E.

'The pump member of the torque converter F is releasably connected to the engine crank shaft bymeans of a friction clutch H which may be of any suitable design and which in the present instance has been shown as built into the engine fly wheel. In the clutch illustrated, a friction plate 58 secured to the pump shaft 24 is arranged to be engaged between the pressure face 52 on the engine fly wheel and an axially shiftable pressure plate 54. Plate 54 is engaged and released through the medium of the shift sleeve 56 actuated by any suitable fork 58. In the construction shown, sleeve 56 is connected through bearing 58 to linkage indicated generally at 68 which serves to operate the cam 62. In the drawings the clutch is shown in engaged position and as will be evident therefrom, movement of the "shiftfork 58 to the right will s'erve to release the i to the axleshafts of the vehicle.

Pinion shaft s4 is carried m a casing part se by bearings 10 and 12, land at its inner end is provided with a bevel gear 14 meshing with the bevel pinion 16 keyed or otherwise fixed to sleeve 18. As will'be observed from Fig. 1, sleeve 18 is in alignment with the hollow shaft parts 24 and 48 of the hydraulic mechanism and the high speed shaft 46 extends through this sleeve to the clutch G. Sleeve 18 is rotatably mounted in the casingv in bearings 88 and 82.

Between the gear 16 and the hydraulic mechanism there is located a mechanical reverse gear indicated generally at J and an overrunning clutch K for transmitting power from the turbine shaft of the hydraulic mechanism to sleeve 18. In the construction shown the reverse gear and overrunning clutch are combined to form a single and axially compact unit which, as will hereinafter -be more fully pointed out, is of material importance.

The clutch K is for the purpose of transmitting drive in forward direction from the turbine shaft 48 to sleeve 18 and is of the overrunning type to prevent drive being transmitted from sleeve 18 back to the turbine member. In the construction shown this clutch comprises an inner race 84 and'an outer race 86. As shown more clearly in Fig. 2 the inner race 84 is provided with cam surfaces 88 forming, with the outer race, wedge shaped spaces 98 in which are located spring loaded rollers 92. Rollers 92 act to transmit power in one direction from the inner to the outer race and overrun with respect to the outer race 86 to prevent transmission of power from the outer to the inner race when the `latter tends to rotate faster than the former.

This clutch thus provides automatic disconnection of the turbine member when the high speed drive is employed, in the same manner as disclosed in Patent No. 1,900,119 previously referred to.

The reverse gear J comprises a gear 94 rotationally xed on an extension of the inner race ring 84 ofthe overrunning clutch, which ring is in turn keyed to the hollow shaft part 40 of the turbine member. Gear 94 is in constant mesh with a reversing idler gear 96 carried by shaft- 98 (see Fig. 3) mounted in the housing. Gear 96 is in constant mes with gear |88 xed on a counter shaft I 2, whic a second gear The forward endof sleeve 18 is enlarged to embrace the bearing 44 and the enlarged forward vend of the sleeve is provided with a series of external splines or teeth |86 (Figs. 1 and 4). The portion of the outer race ring 86 of the overrunning clutch K, which is adjacent to the enlarged forward end of the sleeve 18 is provided with similar splines |88. An internally splined shift ring I |8 is `arrangedto be moved axially in the splines |86 and |88 by means of a shift fork ||2. The outer periphery of the shift ring ||8, to one side of the recess for fork ||2, is provided with external teeth forming a gear ||4 adapted to mesh with the counter-shaft gearS |86 onthe sleeve and the splines |88 on the race shaft has rfixed thereto to the right from the position shown in Fig. 1 so that the internal splines or teeth are out of engagement with thev splines |08 on the clutch ring 86 Vand the outer teeth ||4 are in engagement with the teeth of gear |04 as shown in Fig. 4. In this position of the apparatus, the overrunning clutch K is out of the line of drive and a positive driving connection isl established through the train of gears 94, 96, |00, |04 and the external gear ||4 on the shift ring, for driving sleeve 18 in the opposite direction of rotation from that of the gear 94 which rotates with the turbine meinber.

iAs will be evident from Fig. 1, the complete asan apparatus of the kind intended for rear engine drive in which the motor and transmission unit is set transversely of the vehicle chassis as illustrated in Fig. 14. The importance of this is `due to the fact that the width of road vehicles such as buses and trucks is limited by statute and for large vehicles of this character the required size of a motor and transmission unit capable of transmitting the power developed by the motor is such as to make it extremely difficult to secure an overall length of motor and transmission unit short enough to be installed transversely of the vehicle without exceeding the permissible vehicle width. We wil1 now describe the high speed or direct drive clutch G for effecting direct drive connection between shaft 46 and sleeve 18 carrying the bevel drive gear 16.

Referring now more particularly to Figs. 6 to 11, this clutch comprises a driving member or section I|6 mounted for axially shiftable movement on splines ||8 at the rearward end of shaft 46.

Member ||6 is provided with an external groove |20 for the reception of a shift fork |22 (see Fig. 1), the control of which will be described later. 'I'he member ||6 is also provided with external driving teeth |24 adapted to engage internal teeth |26 formed on the driven section of the clutch,

whichin the embodiment illustrated constitutes a cup-like member |28 keyed or otherwise rigidly secured to the. rearward end of -sleeve 18.

For reasons which will be explained later, the teeth |24 and |26 are advantageously formed as shown in Fig. 11, the engaging ends of alternate teeth |24a and |26a respectively of the two sets of teeth. projecting beyond the engaging ends of the respective intermediate teeth |24b and\\|26b of the two sets. Further, the engaging ends of j teeth |24a and |26a figure.

are rounded asv shown .in the project peripherally beyond the corresponding teeth |32, provide shoulders |34 and |36, the purpose of which will hereinafter appear.. The forward ends of teeth |30 are cut so that shoulders |34 and |36 lie in a plane normal to the axis of rotation. Teeth |32 constitute what may be termed pilot teeth While teeth |30 may be termed blocking teeth. Each tooth |32 may, insofar as the operation of the clutch is concerned, be an integral extension of the corresponding tooth |32, the separation illustrated being dictated purely by manufacturing reasons.

The driven member |28 of the clutch has securedtherein an annular friction plate |38 preferably of bronze or like metal, which in the present embodiment is restrained against rotation relative to member\|28 by engagement of teeth |40 on the plate with the inner ends of the in- `terna] teeth |26 on member |28.

An annular member |42, which for convenience may be referred to as a blocking or drag ring, is mounted inside teeth |26 of the driven member i f Ring |42 is maintained in constant and relatively light frictional engagement with the friction plate |38 by contact between the friction face |44 on the ring and a complementary face on plate |38. In the embodiment shownin Fig. 6, face |44 is conical but this is not essential. Ity may be plane as ,illustrated in Fig. l2.

The desired. degree of ifrictional engagement between parts |38 and |42 is obtained in the embodiment illustrated by an annular wave or spring washer,r |46 (see-also Fig. 6a) which is situated between two bronze washers |48 and |510. Washer |48 has external teeth projecting between teeth |26 on the driven part |28, so that it rotates therewith in the same manner as the friction plate |38, and the surface |52vv constitutes a second or auxiliary friction surface between the ring 42 and the driven part |28;` The several washers are retained in properly assembled relation by the retaining washer or snap ring |52 seated in suitable recesses in teeth |26. The blocking ring |42 is provided with a series of internal teeth |54 adapted to mesh with 4substantially no peripheral play with the teeth |30 on the driving member H6, as shown in Fig. l0. With the position' of parts shown in Fig. 6,

the pilot teeth |32 are in mesh with the vteeth |54 on the blocking ring and' as will be observed from Figs. 8 and 9, substantial peripheral clearance is provided between these sets of teeth.

The operation of the clutch is as follows: In the pos'ition of the parts shown in Fig. 6 the lclutch is disengaged and the driving member I6, constituting the driving section of the clutch, rotates atv engine speed, being positively driven through shaft 46, while the driven member or clutch section'. |28 rotates at a speed proportional to vehicle speed, being positively conl nected through the final drive line from sleeve 28, to which it is fixed, to the wheels o'f the vehicle.- i

If the vehicle is standing still withrthe engine running, or if it is being driven in the low speed drive provided by 'the hydraulic mechanism, member I6 will be rotating at higher speed than member |28. Member ||.6 will carry with it the blocking ring 42 because of the engagement of teeth |32 and teeth |54.

If the direction of rotation of the driving part be assumed to be as shown by arrow |156 (Fig. 9)

the pilot teeth |32 will be in engagementwlth since the friction between the blocking ring, which travels at the 'same speed as the driving section of the clutch, and the driven section,

which is either stationary or moving at lower speed than thedriving section, will cause the blocking ring to lag or drag behind the driving section to the extent allowed by the play between teeth |32 and teeth |54.

This is the normal position of the parts when operating in low speed hydraulic drive since as previously pointed out, the characteristics of the hydraulic mechanism are such that the speed of the turbine or driven member of the hydraulic mechanism is lower than engine speed.

If now it is vdesired to shift to high speed drive by engagement of the high speed clutch, memu ber ||6 is shifted to the left from the position shown in Fig. 6. If when this is done the driving member I I6 is rotating faster than the driven member |28 and as a result the blocking ring |42 is positioned relative to the driving member as indicated in Fig. 9, member l I6 can be shifted only by the small amount required to bring shoulders |34 into abutting contact lwith the meshing ends of the teeth |54. As previously noted, these shoulders and the meshing ends of teeth |56 are square, that is, they lie in a plane normal to the plane of rotation, and consequently provide a positive stop. The provision of such a positive stop -for preventing engagement of the driving teeth (|24, |26) oi the clutch under the conditions assumed is of primary importance and it is essential to proper operation of the apparatus that these teeth be prevented from coming into engagement under the influence of the clutch engaging pressure alone.

'With the clutch thus blocked out of engagement, even though full engaging pressure is exerted on it by the clutch actuating means, it can be released and brought into full engagement only by a condition of vehicle drive which causes the relative speeds of the driving and driven sections of the clutch, IIB and |28 respectively, to cross. The clutch can come into driving engagement only if and when the speed of member |28 becomes greater than that of member ||6. This condition of the crossing of the speeds may be brought about either by deceleration of the engine and consequently of the driving section of the clutch through closing the throttle for the When this occurs the clutch may bevsaid to be unlocked, and the further engaging movement permitted by the meshing of the teeth |30 and |54 allows the driving teeth |24 and |26 to come into meshing engagement to providev positive drive through the clutch.

It will be evident Yfrom the foregoing that the clutch can be unlocked so as to permit itseng'agement only when the speeds of members ||8 and |28 are substantially exactly the same, there being a slight crossing of the speeds required,.

however, to unlock the clutch. It is to be noted,

, however, that there is no positive rotational connection between the blocking ring |42 and the driven member |28 so that there is no positive index to insure alignment of teeth |24 with the tooth spaces between teeth |26 When the teeth |30 are brought into meshing alignment with the spaces between teeth |54. Such being the case, when the clutch is unlocked, the driving teeth may meet end to end. It is, under some condi- `l tions of drive, possible that the relative speeds of parts |26 and |28 may vary with great rapidity, so that the driving teeth |24 and |26 may be traveling at approximately the same speed for only an instant, as the speeds cross. Consequently, because neither set of driving teeth are rotationally free; one set being connected to the velhicle wheels and the other to the engine, so that it may be said that these teeth are under load.

it is essential to satisfactory operation-that meshing of teeth |24 and |26 be positively insured at substantially the instant of crossing of the speeds. v

that if the relative speed between these two sets shift, or by acceleration of the vehicle (as by coasting down grade) to aspeed such that the part |28 rotates at a speed faster than engine speed. The former is, of course, the usual con-` dition.

When the relative speed between the driving and driven sections of the clutch changes so that the speeds of these .parts cross, the friction between the blocking ring and the friction plate |38 against which it is pressed by the spring 'in which they are peripherally midway between the teeth |54 (as in Fig;- 8). With theblocking *ring in midway position relative to the driving section of the clutch, 'the blocking teeth |30 are in alignment with the spaces between teeth |54 and, the clutch being assumed to be underv engaging pressure, the teeth |30 will be free to move into meshing engagement with teeth |54.

of teeth is changing with great rapidity, even teeth withrounded ends may fail to enter the Aimmediately adjacent tooth spaces and will strike the ends of the next adjacent teeth which will act toprevent meshing if the teeth are all of the same length. If the firstv tooth space is `jumped without meshing, it is likely that jumping of the'next tooth space will occur and the result will be failure of the clutch teeth to mesh at all because of the fact that they are on parts the relative speed between which is changing rapidly and the speeds of which have already crossed.

By making the intermediate teeth |2412 and |2612 shorter than the rounded teeth, the tooth space for securingthe initial meshing of the teeth is in effect doubled and it has been found that with this arrangement, reliable meshing of the teeth is assured even if when the clutch is unlocked by relative movement of the blocking ring, the teeth |24a and |26a initially meet end to end.

We have so far considered engagement of the clutch only under a condition in which the clutch is attempted to be engaged when the driving section is rotating faster than the driven section and engagement is eiected by the crossing of speeds tionally the same under the opposite condition of relative speeds, that is, with engagementl -attempted when the driving section is rotating at a lower speed than the driven section.

If while the clutchis disengaged the speed of the driven section exceeds that of the driving section, the friction between the driven section very rapidly and the inertia of the blocking ring |42, which is carried by the part H6, may cause this ring to shift from the position shown in Fig. 9 to the opposite limiting position permitted by the play between teeth |32-and |54. Deceleration suilicient to cause this may readily occur with the driving part of the clutch still turning' at a speed much greater than the driven part of the clutch.

shoulders |36 until reductionI of speed of the driven section relative to that of the driving seca Crossing of` tion causes the two speeds to cross. the speeds in this fashion will cause the blocking ringV to be shifted from right to left as viewed in Fig. 9, from its assumed position toward the po` sition shown in Fig. 9. Such shift will bring the blocking ring t a mid position, as the speeds cross, which permits the clutch to be engaged.

While the arrangement of parts shown in Fig. 6 is preferred, the design may be altered considerably while still retaining the same principles of operation. In Fig. 12 another form of construction is shown wherein the operation is as above `described, but in which the driving section ||6a is fixed to the drive shaft 46 and the driven section |28a, carrying the blocking ring, is axially shiftable on splines |58 on sleeve 18. In the present form the friction surface |44a of the blocking ring is shown plane, rather than conical as in Fig. 6. The only advantage of the conical form is that with a conical surface more friction contact area maybe obtained with parts of given diameter. f

It will vbe noted that in either the form of construction shown in Fig. 6 or Fig. l2, the blocking ring is in frictionally moving-contact `with the driven section of the clutch' whenever the clutch is out of engagement and the two sections are .that the blocking ring is moved to the midway position of its play with respect t0 the section `with which it rotates onlyy by crossing of the speeds ofthe two sections, so that the clutch will be unlocked only at the instant when the speeds are substantially synchronous. This'must be insured under all possible conditions of drive if Vthe clutch, is to give satisfactory service, but

would not necessarily be thecase il the friction contact were not employed.

To illustrate this, let it be assumed that .the

spring Washer |46 is omitted so that the blocking ring is not held in friction contact with plate |38 when the clutch is disengaged. Let is further be assumed that it is desired to shift from low speed to high speed drive and that the vehicle operator closes the throttle quickly and then actuates the clutch engaging mechanism to engage the high speed clutch. On sudden closing of the throttle, the engine, particularly if it is an internal combustion engine' operating at high speed at the-time of throttle closure, will decelerate Underv this assumed condition, shoulders |36 on teeth |30 will be brought into engagement with teeth |54. The engagement of the blocking shoulders |36 on the teeth |54 will act to force the blocking ring into frictional contact with the friction plate and the slower speed of the friction plate will cause the blocking ring to be shifted back tothe position shown in Fig. 9. In making this shift, the blocking ring will pass the midposition which permits meshing of teeth |30 and |54 but this condition will not be brought about by synchronization and crossing of the speeds of the driving and driven clutch sections. It will be remembered that under the conditions now assumed, the driving section is rotating faster than the driven section andthe difference in speeds between these sections at the time when the improperly -placed blocking ring is' brought back to its proper position by friction introduced by the pressure of the blocking shoulders, maybe several hundred revolutions per minute. The result will, of course, be a heavy clash, assuming the parts to be under load. It isv to correct this possible condition that thefriction between the blocking ring and the driven section is employed. This friction overcomes any tendency of the blocking ring .to be shifted to the wrong position due to inertia forces, prior to engagement of the clutch.

It will be remembered that previously a condition was described under which the blocking ring was carried by friction to a position opposite- 'that shown in Fig. 9, so that shoulders |36 came i into contact with teeth |54 when clutch engagement was attempted. In that case however, in contrast with the case just described, the driven section was assumed to be rotating faster than the driving section. For that condition, blocking of clutch engagement by contact of the shoulders |36 represents correct position of the blocking my tion necessary to prevent shifting of the blocking In some cases, particularly for large clutches l or for very high speed clutches where: the parts may be either relatively heavy or subjected to high rates oiacceleration or deceleration, so that the possible inertia forces may be large, the fricring to 'an incorrect positiondue to such forces may be too great to be advantageously applied constantly, as in described. v

In such instances, a form of construction such as shown in Fig. 13 mayadvantageously be used. In this embodiment the blockig ring '|42a is held in position directly by the, snap ring llfsovthat jit- 'can'turn freely relative to the friction plate |38. Further, certain of the teeth |54 are bevelle'd radially at their meshing ends as at |54a.

the embodiments hereinbefore i The driving section is provided with a series of differential bores |60 arranged radially and distributed to correspond with the beveled teeth |54a. In each of these bores a poppet |62 is located, the poppet having a rounded end projecting to comeinto engagement with a beveledtooth |54a 'and being loaded by a light spring |64.

When the clutch is out of engagement poppets |62 are out of engagement with teeth |5411; but

by reference to the drawings it lwill be seen that when the clutch is actuated for engagement the poppets come into contact with the teeth on the blocking ring before the blocking shoulders on teeth |30 can engage the ring. The prior contact of the poppets exerts axial force on the blocking ring, thus producing friction between the ring and the friction plate equivalent to the friction constantly produced by the springwasher |46 in the forms of construction previously described. The friction produced by the poppets is not required if the blocking ring is in proper position at the time the clutch ls actuated, but if the blocking ring happens at such time to be in im blocking shoulders come into contact. thus insuring that the clutch will be engaged only upon crossing of the relative speeds of the driving and driven sections of the clutch.

It is to be noted that in the type of clutch in which light friction pressure is imposed on the blocking ring by the wave type spring washer or any other form of spring having the equivalent function, the blocking ring is under the influence of'two types of friction. The first friction is a light frictional drag the amount of which has a' minimum value necessary to overcomethe inertia of the blocking ring so that this blocking ring will decelerate as rapidly as the section of the clutch with which it rotates can be decelerated, or will accelerate as fast as such section can -be accelerated. In other words, this frictional drag which is imposed on the blocking ring is such that the blocking ringwill follow the movements of the section with which it rotates through any otions that may be imposedA on such section at any time when the clutch is disengaged. The

In the form of clutch in which the spring loaded poppets are employed, the action is in general similar, with the spring poppets producing the preliminary friction for insuring proper phase relation between the blocking ring and the clutch section which carries it, and with the second and heavier friction load produced by the blocking engagement of the shoulders serving to shift the position of the blocking ring when the speeds of thesections cross, to unlock the clutch and permit its full engagement.

The advantage of the poppet typeof construction is substantial elimination of'frictionfduring periods of clutch disengagement when the clutch sections are rotating at different speeds. On the other hand, the form of clutch in Whichthe preliminary friction is produced by constantly acting spring pressure, insures the blocking ring being always in proper phase relation with thev clutch section withwhich it rotates. This is of someadvantage as compared with the other form for the reason that if the blocking ring is free to move out of proper phasel relation and is subsequently returned to proper phase relation by the action of poppets which engage it as the initial event in clutch engagement to produce the preliminary friction, the abrupt movement of the blocking ring from one terminal position to another may possibly produce an undesirable shock load on the pilot teeth. Also, it will be'readily apparent from Acomparison of vthe structures lshown in Figs. 6 and 13 that the form of clutch in which continuous light friction is imposed on the blocking ring to maintain it in proper phase relation is simpler and cheaper -to manufacture than the form in which the ring is free zand is brought into proper phase relationby preliminary pressure exerted through the spring loaded A poppets.

Consequently, the form in which constant preliminary friction is imposed on the blocking ring is in'most cases to bepreferred, although both forms have been found from experience to operate successfully in actual vehicle operation.

While for purposes of illustrating the principles of the clutch construction, forms have been 'second type oi friction is that which is produced l when engaging force is applied to the clutch to bring it to its intermediate or blocked position. The engaging force brings the blocking shoulders into contact and the-load of the lengaging force is transmitted across the blocking ring to produce a larger frictional force than that produced by the spring Washer. force serves to move the blocking ring to unlock the clutch when the speeds of the two sections of the device cross.

Thus the function of the lighter friction produced by the spring washer is preliminary. Its purpose is always to keep the blocking parts in the proper phase relation so that they will lock purpose oi the heavier friction produced-as a result of actuation of the clutch and theresult- This larger frictional regardless of when the clutch is actuated. The

shown in which the blocking ring rotates with the driving section, it will be evident from the foregoing description that insofar as the engaging operation of the clutch is concerned the section with which the blocking ring rotates may be either driving or driven. It Will also be evident that insofar as the functioning of the clutch is concerned it is immaterial whether the pilot and blocking teeth are carried on a driving or driven clutch section or on the blockingv ring.'

The high speed clutch G may of course be actuated in any desired manner but when the clutch is incorporated'in vehicle drives of the -kind herein described, the kind of actuating mechanism illustrated in Fig.1.has been found to be particularly advantageous. In this mechanism the shift fork |22 has fixed to itl a. sliding pin |66 around which is located 'a spring |68 |68 is such as to constantly tend. to keep the clutch in engagement. This tendency of spring |68 to engage the clutch is over-balanced by the pressure of a lever |10 pivotedat |12 in the casing and bearing against a suitable abutment on the shift fork. The pressure exerted by lever |10 is derived from a spring |14 mounted in a flxed cylinder |16 and compressed between a piston |18 andone endof the cylinder. Piston |18 is connected to the lever by means of a link |80, and spring |14, being stronger than spring '168,` operates to over-balance the latter spring and maintain the clutch in disengaged position as shown in Fig. 1.

Cylinder |16 provides a pressure chamber I8!! on the side of piston |18 opposite spring |14,

'which chamber is adapted to be supplied with fluid under pressure such as compressed air, oil

or the like through connection |82, 'under the 'relieve the shift ring of the pressure exerted'by lever |10 and permit spring IBB to actuate the clutch. It has been found from experience in actual 4 vehicle operation that the high speed clutch G 'operates most satisfactorily when constant engaging pressure is applied to the section of the clutch which is shifted and with' the above described actuating arrangement this desirable condition isachieved. TheV use of a spring |68 Y to apply the engaging pressureleliminates possibility of material variations in such pressure which would be likely to occur if engagement were effected by manual operation or by a direct application of pressure fluid, the Vvalue of the pressure of which might vary.

Many practical advantages are obtained from the transmission construction forming the subject matter of the present invention, of which the following are particularly to be noted.

By providing a positive acting high speed clutch,

clutch Wear is substantially entirely eliminated 1' inthe transmission as a whole. The reason for this is that substantially no wear occurs on the friction clutch which connects the engine to the hydraulic converter. Due to the yielding nature of the hydraulic drive the friction clutch, by its engagement, does not have to pick up the load of the vehicle, since at low engine speed the pump of the converter may rotate While the turbine i member remains stationary. Since the high speed clutch is of the positive acting type and can be engaged only when the parts are substantially synchronized as to speed, this clutch is not subject to the wear of a friction'clutch. In transmissions of the general type under discussion but in whichV a friction clutch is used as the high speed clutch, as in U. S. Patent 1,900,119 previously referred to, the high speed clutch is subject to wear since this clutch must slip to a certain extent on each engagement, unless by chance it is engaged when the engineispeed is ,exactly synchronized with the driven shaft speed.

The positive acting high speed clutch, which can be engaged only when the speeds of the driving and driven parts cross each other, provides a very important practical operating advantage in a vehicle drive as compared with a high speed to' then accelerate in this drive until a suitable speed is reached for shift to high speed drive. It is characteristic of the torque converter that the turbine member does not rotate as rapidly as the pump and in a typical case the shift to high 4speed drive is made at a time when the turbine member has reached a speed not over approximately two-thirds of the engine speed. The speed of the driven elements of the drive line to the vehicle wheels just prior to the instant of, the shift corresponds to the speed of the turbine member, but just atthe instant before shifting speeds, the engine to which these driven elements are to be connected when the shift is made in rotating at much higher speed. If, after the converter is disconnected, the high speed connection is made through a friction clutch and the engine has not had time to decelerate to a speed corresponding to the speed of the driven elements connected to the driving wheels, engagement of the high speed clutch will produce a very noticeable surge in the forward movement of the vehicle. If the operator should ble careless and not close his throttle when the converter clutch is released preparatory to shifting, the i the coupling of the driving wheels of the vehicle Y,

to a racing engine. With a positive acting high speed clutch which can engage only when the vehicle and engine speeds cross, all possibility of such surges is eliminated since it is impossible for the clutch to engage until deceleration of the engine has brought itsspeed down to the speed corresponding to the speed of the vehicle at the time the high speed clutch goes intolengagement.

The separated arrangement of the clutches in the present construction is also of material advantage in that the direct drive clutch is freely accessible, and this advantage applies whether this clutch is of the positive acting type or the friction type. v i

A further advantage of the positive acting clutch in a transmission of the kind illustrated in its comparatively small size and weightl` as compared with a friction clutch capable of transmitting the same amount of power under the conditions imposed.- This contributes'a material saving in Weight and cost, both of which are important considerations, and the extent of the difference in size will be readily apparent .from Fig. 1, which shows these parts in truel relative proportion for a practical automotive installation.

As previously' pointed out the specic reverse gear construction employed is highly advantageous from the standpoint; of obtaining axial compactness of the transmission as awhole andv this important consideration is further contributed to by the small dimensions of the positive acting high speed clutch when it is incorporated in vehicle transmission provided with an angle drive. As'will readily be observed from Fig. 1 the small diameter of the clutch G permits this clutch to be located so that; it does not project axially by any substantial amount beyond vthe bevel gear through which the angle drive is taken.

It will be equally evident that if a friction clutch were used in place of the clutch G, such a clutch would have to have a diameter of the same order as that of the friction clutch |4, and the length of the transmission would have to be increased tov permit such clutch to clear the angle drive gear.

The positive action high speed clutch has the further operating advantage of protecting engine and drive line from undue stress or shock of the kind which might be imposed by an operator attempting to start a vehiclein high speed drive. This might be done with a high speed clutchof the friction type, but the present-...form of clutch,

requires crossing of the speeds of the driving and driven parts of theclutch before drivingeingagement can be effected. and as long as the vehicle is stationary no such crossing of speeds can occur. The present clutch will also prevent shift to high speed drive at unduly low vehicle speed. For the clutch to engage, the driving part of the clutch must decelerate from a speed greater than that of the driven part to a speed less than that required crossing of speeds.

It will be evident that without departing from the principle of the invention in its several aspects the structures hereinbefore described may be altered in many specifically differentways and it will further be evident that certain features of the invention may be utilized to the exclusion of others. derstood that the invention is intended to embrace all forms of construction falling within the scope of the appended claims when they are construed as broadly as the state of the prior art permits.

We claim:

l. In a variable speed power transmission for transmitting power from a lsource of power to a driven element, hydraulic power transmitting mechanism for effecting variable speed drive from said driving shaft to said driven shaft, a first clutch for selectively transmitting power through said hydraulic mechanism, said clutch being located between said hydraulic mechanism and said' source of power, and means providing a direct drive between said source of power and said driven element, said means including a.re

leasable direct drive clutchlocated at the side of said hydraulic mechanism opposite said rst clutch.

It is accordingly to be unaseasea shaft extending through said turbine member and said sleeve member, and= means for selectively connecting said drive shaft to av portion of said sleeve member remote from said turbine member.

4. In a power transmission for angle drive `to a vehicle axle, hydraulic mechanism providing a low Speed drive, said mechanism including a turbine member having a hollow shaft part, said turbine member being. capable of delivering power in one direction of rotation only, a sleeve member mounted in axial alignment with said shaft part, means including reverse gear mechanism situated between the turbine member and the adjacent end of said sleeve member for selectively transmitting power in either direction of rotation from the turbine member to the sleeve member, va bevel pinion on said sleeve, a bevel gear for angle driveas said bevel gear.

5. In a power transmission having a high speed drive and a variable-speed low speed drive including a driven member capable of transmitting power in one direction of rotation only and having a -shaft part, a power take-off member mounted in alignment with said shaft part, an

, overrunning clutch having a driving part fixed 2. A variable speed power transmission includinghydraulic variable speed power transmitting mechanism and a high speed drive mechanism, said hydraulic mechanism comprising adriving member and a driven member each having a hollow shaft part vand said hollow shaft parts being in axial alignment to provide a passage therethrough, a hollow sleeve member rotatably .mounted in axial alignment with 4saidhollow shaft parts, a power shaft extending through said aligned hollow members, a releasable clutch for selectively transmitting power from said power shaft to said sleeve member, a releasable clutch for selectively transmitting power to the driving member of said hydraulic mechanism, a releasable clutch for transmitting drive from the driven 'member of said hydraulic mechanism to said said shaft part, said sleeve constituting the member from which power is delivered by the transmission, means including a reverse gear for transmitting power selectively in either direction of rotation to the portion of the sleeve member adjacent to said turbine member, a high speed drive to said'shaft part and a driven part adjacent to said power take-olf member, a shift member rotationally xed and axially shiftablA on said power4 take-off member for selectively coupling and uncoupling the driven part of said clutch and the power take-off member, means for selectively transmitting power through said high speed drive to 'said power take-off member in the same direction of rotation as through said overrunning clutch, and gearing for selectively transmitting drive in reverse direction from said driven member to the power take-olf member, said gearing including a gear fixed on the shaft part of said driven member, intermediate gears including a gear rotating reversely with .respect to the r'st mentioned gear, and a gear on said shift member arranged to mesh with said reversely rotating gear after the shift member is moved to a position in I 6. In a power transmission having a high speed I drive and a variable-speed low speed drive including a driven member capable of transmitting power in one direction of rotation only and having a shaft part, a power' take-off member mounted in alignment 'with said shaft part, an overrunning clutch having a driving. part fixed to said shaft part and a driven part adjacent to said power take-off member, the driven part of the clutch and the adjacent end of the power takeoi member having teeth thereon, a shift member having internal teeth engaging the teeth on the power take-off member and arranged to shift into and out of engagement with the teeth on the driven part of theV clutch, means for selectively transmitting power through said high speed drive to said power take-off member in the same direction of rotation as through said overrunning clutch, and gearing for vselectively transmitting drive in reverse direction from said driven to the power take-off member,- said gearing including a gear. iixedon the shaft of said driven member. intermediate gears including a gear rtating re versely with respect to the rst mentioned gear. and a gear on said shift member for engaging said reverseiy rotating gear only when said shift member is shifted out of engagement with'the driven part of the clutch, and said shift member having an intermediate neutralposition in which it engages neither the driven part of the clutch nor said reversely rotating gear.

7;- In a hydraulic variable speed transmission having a turbine member fox` transmitting power in one direction only, mechanism for selectively transmitting power in either direction of rotation to a driven element, an overrunning clutch comprising an inner member operatively fixed to said turbine member, an outer member and detents for `transmitting power -from the inner member to the outer member in one direction of rotation only,

reverse gear mechanism including a driving gear fixed to said turbine member and a shift member shiftable to transmit drive in reverse direction to said driven element, said shift member providing a driving connection between the outer member capable of multiplying torque at reduced speeds v cooperating with a gear assembly f'or eecting forward and reverse drives embodying .a freewheel clutch .operative to drive at forward speeds only, a driven member concentric with said drive shaft geared to said driven shaft and constituting .the power-output of said mechanism, alternately operative clutch members adapted to connect said drive shaft and said driven member directly, or through ysaid converter and said gearing, and control means for said clutch members eiective to establish said alternate drive between said drive shaft andsaid member.

'CARL D. PETERSON. ALBERT H. DEIMEL. 

